Energy Availability and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (Thesis)
Citation: Growers, Charlotte. (2023). An Investigation of Energy Availability and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport in an Athletic Population. Masters Thesis, University of Essex. https://repository.essex.ac.uk/34598/1/CGOWERS_MSD.pdf
Abstract: The purpose of the study is to explore the prevalence of athletes at risk of REDs and BSA (Burnout Syndrome of Athletes) in a widespread population that investigated whether there is a relationship between EA (Energy Availability) and self-reported burnout in female athletes (study begins on p.32).
License: Essex Open Access Research Repository under Creative Commons Licensing.
Muscle Mass and Strength in People with Type 2 Diabetes (Journal Article- 10mins)
Citation: Al-Awadi AA, Gray SR, Al-Ozairi E. Are strategies to increase muscle mass and strength as effective in people with type 2 diabetes? Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2025 Oct;26(5):857-870. doi: 10.1007/s11154-025-09947-8. Epub 2025 Feb 25. PMID: 39998784; PMCID: PMC12534332.
Abstract: The study examines interventions related to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), as individuals with T2D face a 2-3 times higher risk of developing sarcopenia, musculoskeletal disorder that leads to progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Poor glycaemic control is related to declining muscle mass and strength, due to increased muscle protein breakdown and decreased muscle protein synthesis, particularly in individuals with uncontrolled T2D who experience greater glucose variability. Behavioral factors such as physical inactivity and unhealthy dietary habits also contribute to the loss of muscle mass and strength among people with T2D. The article outlines lifestyle strategies to reduce T2D effects, recommending 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise weekly, including aerobic and resistance training. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is reported as the most effective for building muscle and strength. The research also discusses the importance of protein intake and mentions bariatric surgery as a frequent treatment option for T2D.
License: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material.
Long Term Effects of Young Patients with CHD (Journal Article - 5mins)
Citation: Ferrero P, Piazza I, Poggioli G, Chessa M, Lorenzelli F. Long-term effects of physical training on cardiopulmonary exercise parameters in young patients with congenital heart diseases. Cardiology in the Young. 2024;34(4):831-837. doi:10.1017/S1047951123003621
Abstract: Physical activity plays an important role in promoting health and well-being among individuals diagnosed with congestive heart disease (CHD). The study examines the functional impact of physical activity, particularly with young adults playing competitive or recreational sports. The research analyzes a link between different levels of physical activity intensities and health outcomes in CHD patients, with a focus on maximum oxygen consumption. The objective of this study is to assess and compare exercise metabolic parameters (i.e. including functional capacity as measured by maximal workload (Watts), peak heart rate, and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max in ml/kg/min)—between CHD patients who engage in physical training and a matched control group. The study compares how young adults with CHD and healthy peers respond to physical training.
License: This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativeco mmons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.
Supplement Use by British Soldiers in Training (Journal - 10mins)
Citation: Casey A, Hughes J, Izard RM, Greeves JP. Supplement use by UK-based British Army soldiers in training. British Journal of Nutrition. 2014;112(7):1175-1184. doi:10.1017/S0007114514001597
Abstract: This study assessed supplement use among UK-based British Army soldiers under training and staff. Findings show that daily nutritional supplements can offset about two-thirds of energy deficit during eight weeks of intense training, help maintain body and lean mass, support immune function, and reduce physical declines. The main reasons for taking supplements were recovery, performance enhancement, preparation for training or activity, and dietary supplementation.
License: The Authors 2014. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Protein-Carbohydrate Supplementation and Training Outcomes (Journal-15mins)
Citation: Naclerio F, Larumbe-Zabala E, Ashrafi N, Seijo M, Nielsen B, Allgrove J, Earnest CP. Effects of protein-carbohydrate supplementation on immunity and resistance training outcomes: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017 Feb;117(2):267-277. doi: 10.1007/s00421-016-3520-x. Epub 2016 Dec 27. PMID: 28028619; PMCID: PMC5313575.
Abstract: This study examines the post-exercise intake of high-quality proteins and their potential to enhance muscle anabolism, thereby optimising recovery and improving training outcomes between workout sessions. Whey and beef protein extracts are considered high-quality sources, sharing a similar amino acid composition to that of skeletal muscle. The study indicates that ingestion of a carbohydrate–protein beverage (containing either beef or whey protein) following resistance exercise over an 8-week intervention yields similar training and body composition results than only consuming carbohydrates.
License: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.